Server administrator racio

Koliko je i kakvog stručnog kadra potrebno za neki ICT projekat, implementaciju ili održavanje već postojeće IT infrastrukture i postojećih funkcionalnosti sistema

Jedno od osnovnih pitanja koja se postavljaju pred sve projekt menadžere i IT menadžere je pitanje realnog opterećenja zaposlenih u ICT sektoru, odnosno koliko i kakvog IT kadra je potrebno za implementaciju, održavanje i upravljanje nekom ICT infrastrukturom ili biznisom. Kako nema jedinstvenih normativa u ovoj oblasti menadžerima preostaje da konsultuju i koriste najbolje prakse iz oblasti teorije tehničkog održavanja, ali i upravljanja kadrovima, vodeći računa o realnom opterećenju kadrova, važnosti zadataka koji se obavljaju te zahtevima za pouzdanošću i neprekidnosti rada sistema. U vezi sa ovim najvažniji je takozvani server administrator racio.

Danas nema jasnog odgovora na ovo pitanje, i ne samo to, primetan je nedostatak dokumentovanog uputstva ili priručnika i uopšte konsenzusa po ovom pitanju. Najčešći odgovor koji ćete dobiti biće „zavisi“ ili „nemoguće je odgovoriti na to pitanje bez dodatnih informacija i detalja“ ako ih kojim slučajem i date u većini slučajeva ponovo nećete dobiti konkretan i nedvosmislen odgovor.

Sistem administracija te upravljanje operativnim sistemima, virtualizaciskim i data platformama je specifičan posao u kojem postoji velika raznolikost po veštini i sposobnostima onih koji ove poslove obavljaju. Iako postoji veliki broj sertifikacija koje bi trebalo da obezbede jedinstveni i standardizovani nivo znanja iz oblasti od interesa za održavanje ICT opreme i infrastrukture kako hardverske tako i softverske istina je da postoje i odlični i prosečni i prilično loši administratori sistema. Kada se govori o metrici efikasnosti sistem administratora na upravljanju i održavanju nekog sistema uvek se govori o prosečnom nivou administratora kao nekoj standardnoj predefinisanoj vrednosti znanja i veština. Broj sistem administratora u nekoj organizaciji često je povezan sa takozvanim pravilom softverske panorame prema kojem se efikasnost formuliše kao: „Efikasnost sistem administratora je proporcionalna logaritmu broja sistem administratora u organizaciji“. Iz ovoga jasno proizilazi da nakon dostizanja nekog kritičnog broja administratora u organizaciji njihova efikasnost, a samim tim i efikasnost same organizacije opada pa se broj sistem administratora za neki nivo organizacije može optimizovati sa stanovišta efikasnosti inženjerskog i bezbednosnog kadra koji upravlja serverima, i infrastrukturom nekog ICT sistema. Naravno ovde valja primetiti i nelogičnost prethodnog pravila i njegovu neprimenjivost na velike i kompleksne sisteme jer bi decidnom primenom istog došli od zaključka da su kompleksni tehnički sistemi kao što je onaj kompanije Google unapred osuđeni na propast, što u praksi nije slučaj. Vidimo dakle da se navedeno pravilo može primeniti samo na mala i SMB okruženja gde daje i najbolje rezultate.

Ako ovaj problem sagledamo iz drugog ugla primetno je da ako želimo dobiti adekvatan odgovor na postavljeno pitanje moramo uzeti u obzir brojne faktore, a najvažniji su svakako:

·         Vrsta servera (hardver, tip izvedbe, tip virtualizacije)

·         Tip aplikativnog i sistemskog softvera koji se na opremi /serverima koristi

·         Sposobnosti i uloge tehničkog osoblja

·         Zahteva poslovanja

·         Zahteva bezbednosti

·         Raspoloživog budžeta

·         Vremenskog okvira za implementaciju, odnosno trajanje projekta

·         Kompleksnost tehničkih poslova i zahtevi za specifičnim znanjima i sertifikovanim stručnjacima

IT menadžeri najčešće formulišu server administrator racio  na osnovu nekog predefinisanog scenarija kojeg se drže kao osnove za okvirno izračunavanje potreba za tehničkom radnom snagom. Ova metodologija procene potrebnih i dovoljnih kadrovskih kapaciteta često nije adekvatna jer podrazumeva da su poslovi koje administrator obavlja standardizovani te da se mogu u izvesnoj meri normirati, što je donekle slučaj, ali ne uzima dovoljno u obzir rizike sa kojima je skopčano svaki novi nestandardni zadatak te mogućnosti za pojavu tehničkih i bezbednosnih havarija koje drastično menjaju paradigmu efikasnosti te u slučaju istih zahtevaju neuporedivo više vremena i znanja kako bi se naoko standardni problemi i poslovi obavili na vreme i u za to propisanom roku. Ovde je važno napomenuti i to da se kod pojedinih poslova ni na koji način ne može proceniti dužina vremenskog trajanja, jer su potpuno novi i ustvari u konkretnom projektu se obavljaju po prvi put, pa se ni na koji način ne mogu planirati ili se vremenski tesnac premostiti prostim uvođenjem većeg broja administratora na rešavanje datog problema. Ovo je posebno važno u oblastima kao što su Cyber bezbednost ili zadacima koji se zasnivaju na kooperaciji humane i veštačke inteligencije na rešavanju nekih stohastički promenjivih problema.

Takođe, važno je napomenuti da okruženje, korporativna kultura i pravne norme igraju veliku ulogu u tome koliko i kakvog posla zaista imaju administratori i tehničari ICT sektora u nekoj kompaniji. Što je sistem uređeniji, što je restriktivniji set problema koje administratori treba da podržavaju, što je homogenije okruženje to je ovaj racio veći. Sa druge strane što se više očekuje od administratora, što je kompleksnost okruženja i zahteva veća to je potrebno više administratora. Slično je i sa alatom kojim ICT profesionalci raspolažu. U slučaju da sve mašine u nekom mrežnom okruženju imaju mogućnost daljinskog pristupa radnim površinama korisničkih računara to je veća mogućnost da jedan administrator dnevno obradi više naloga pa samim tim i podržava rad više servera i korisnika. Tako na primer 100 homogenih servera, koji svi imaju istu ediciju operativnog sistema i isti namenski softver i servise, kojim se centralizovano upravlja može efikasno opslužiti jedan sistem administrator. Sa druge strane samo 20 servera koji svi imaju različite operativne sisteme, različite hardverske platforme i različit namenski softver na njima instaliran zahtevaju da ih održava 2 do 3 administratora.

Da bi se poslovi u IT sektoru sistematizovali i uredili te da bi se postigla efikasnije korišćenje znanja i resursa koje kompanija poseduje najbolja svetska praksa predlaže sistematizaciju poslova i zadataka na kategorije i prioritete te u skladu sa istim formiranje timova i grupa koje će se odvojeno baviti različitim tipovima zadataka. U ovakvoj podeli veoma je važno odrediti ko vrši primarnu dijagnostiku, trijažu i koji su kriterijumi za kvalifikovano preusmeravanje poslova i zadataka na viši nivo odnosno, po horizontali u drugi odsek tehničke i korisničke podrške. Neka uobičajena praksa za SMB okruženja organizovana na ovaj način iznose sledeće uobičajene primere: sistem od 1200 korisnika ima 8 različitih help desk ćelija pri čemu 3-5 administratora podržava 200 windows servera, isti broj zaposlenih (3-5) u help desku podržava  1200 korisnika, a 2 DBA podržava ukupno 30 MS SQL servera.   

Veliki vendori za hardver i softver daju okvirno svoje preporuke u vezi sa brojem administratora u nekom okruženju, odnosno, brojem servera koje jedan administrator može i treba da održava. U ovom smislu su najpoznatije i najšire prihvaćene preporuke kompanije Microsoft koja preporučuje da jedan administrator i jedan tehničar za prvi nivo podrške, odnosno za hardver, održavaju i upravljaju sa do 50 servera u SMB okruženju. Dok se ovaj broj značajno diže za serversku infrastrukturu u slučaju virtualizacije i prelaska na cloud poslovanje gde se preporučuje da jedan administrator opslužuje do 100 servera.

Kako sam se poslovima sistem administratora bavio preko 15 godina mogu da iznesem i sopstvena iskustva. U periodu pre brzih internet veza 3 administratora održavala su kompletnu kritičnu i nekritičnu infrastrukturu Republike Srbije vezanu za budžetsko poslovanje, odnosno, budžetske korisnike. U to vreme radilo se o skoro 600 Windows servera i oko 200 SQL servera. Nakon uvođenja brzih internet veza i masovne mogućnosti daljinskog pristupa udaljenim serverima sada isti posao obavlja dva administratora, tako da je prosek negde oko 350 servera po administratoru, što se negde poklapa sa svetskim iskustvima. Naravno u pitanju je privatna kompanija. Sa druge strane zahvaljujući dugogodišnjem iskustvu i radu u ovoj oblasti poznati su mi i iskustveni podaci iz državnih agencija i organizacija kojima je osnivač vlada ili lokalna samouprava. Ove organizacije u proseku imaju 5-10 servera od kojih je polovina aplikativna, po jedan ili dva SQL servera, dok su svi preostali serveri namenski posvećeni softverskoj infrastrukturi (Excange, AD-DC, Firewall, DNS, DHCP, web/FTP i slično) – navedene servere uvek održava dva do tri zaposlena administratora koji u nekim slučajevima imaju i druga zaduženja ali u većini slučajeva  administratori zaposleni u državnim institucijama ili institucijama kojima je osnivač država nemaju dodatnih poslovnih obaveza osim onih vezanih za održavanje ICT sistema i infrastrukture.

Ako sa druge strane pogledamo preporuke koje pojedine kompanije daju za pojedine vrste tehničkih poslova naziremo još disperzniju situaciju po pitanju efikasnog korišćenja znanja i veština koje tehničko osoblje mora da poseduje i eksploatiše u svom radu.

Tako, ako se zahteva poznavanje i održavanje hardvera jedan administrator može da podržava i upravlja hiljadama jedinica. Facebook i Google dobar su primer ovakve prakse. U slučaju da administrator treba da bude spreman na istraživanje problema u vezi sa operativnim sistemima i radom servera onda se ovaj broj smanjuje na stotinu jedinica kojima jedan administrator može da upravlja (već u zavisnosti da li se radi o fizičkoj ili virtualnoj infrastrukturi).  Uvođenjem SQL ili neke slične Database platforme ovaj broj smanjuje se na 50-100 instanci maksimalno. U slučaju da se zahteva visoka dostupnost i oporavak podataka (HA/DR funkcionalnost) broj servera koji održava jedan administrator dodatno se smanjuje na 10-50 SQL instanci. A u slučaju da se uz sve navedeno traži i održavanje i upravljanje performansama sistema onda je realno očekivati da dobar posao jedan administrator može da obavi za 5 instanci SQL rešenja.

Ovim problemom bavile su se i velike konslutantske i analitičarske kuće. Analitičar konsultantske kuće Gartner, Errol Rasit, iznosi sledeće podatke: „Nepostoji jedinstveni stav niti jednoznačni kriterijumi u ovoj oblasti. Izučavajući rad ICT kompanije nalazili smo slučajeve kompanija koje su zapošljavale administratore da održavaju samo 10 fizičkih servera ali i one koje su imale administratore koji su održavali 500 virtualnih servera. Primetili smo da velike kompanije praktikuju da jedan administrator opslužuje 15 fizičkih ili 75 virtualnih servera. Ali i one druge koje su upošljavale administratore da se brinu o 50 fizičkih i 250 virtualnih servera. U perspektivi vidljivo je da se usled prelaska na cloud okruženje ovaj broj povećava pa je moguće da ćemo uskoro videti i slučajeve gde se jedan administrator brine o 500 do 600 virtualnih servera.“ I druge analitičke i konsultantske kuće sugerišu slične informacije prema kojima se kod dominantnih internet vendora kao što su Google ili Amazon ovaj racio kreće i do 10000:1 do malih SMB kompanija gde je prosek 30:1 za fizičke servere i otprilike 80:1 za virtualne mašine. Nenakav prosek otprilke bi se mogao nazreti ugrubo oko 50:1 u slučaju privatnih i javnih kompanija dok se u ustanovama organa vlasti bilo da je u pitanju lokalna samouprava ili vlada ovaj broj smanjuje na otprilike 15-20:1. Naravno ove procene ne uzimaju u obzir moguće projekte u ICT sektoru u koje su administratori i inžinjeri po pravilu uključeni pa se u realnosti u zavisnosti od veličine, obima i značaja projekta na kojem su angažovani ovaj broj smanjuje sve do 10-15 servera u slučajevima da su u pitanju serveri na kojima se obavlja intezivna razvojna aktivnost, odnosno, oko 25-35 servera ako je u pitanju samo redovno održavanje. Naravno sve ove pretpostavke važe uz ogradu da se za ovaj i ovakav nivo opterećenosti IT profesionalaca može postići samo ako oni kao ispomoć imaju prvi i drugi nivo tehničke podrške koja se direktno bavi održavanjem hardvera i osnovnih korisničkih zahteva. U ekonomiji obima uz jasnu podelu obaveza i odgovornosti moguće je postići i operativno opterećenje zaposlenih takvo da jedan administrator dnevno može da opsluži 10-15 servera, ali uz odgovarajući pomoć za to predviđenih i posvećenih tehničara koji će raditi na poslovima jednostavnijeg održavanja.

Jedan od načina da se poveća produktivnost radne snage, pa i najstručnije radne snage je automatizacija poslova i zadataka, koja je odavno postala mandatorna u ICT sektoru. Automatizacija ide ruku pod ruku sa standardizacijom i konsolidacijom, odnosno, u novije vreme sa virtualizacijom i premeštanjem poslovanja u cloud okruženje. Sa druge strane važno je napomenuti da automatizacija poslova i zadataka ima i svoju negativnu stranu jer administratori često neznaju šta i zašto se nešto događa, te se problemi često rešavaju standardizovanim procedurama koje ne moraju nužno da odgovaraju realnosti situacije (ovo proizilazi iz činjenice da je tehnički problem moguće rešiti na više načina a da je u mnogim scenarijima vreme rešavanja od presudnog značaja tako da se problemi rešavaju metodama primene brutalne sile umesto logičkim metodama zasnovanim na dubljoj analizi problema). Navedena operativna pravila mogu prestavljati veliki bezbednosni propust pa je pri odlučivanju šta i do kojeg nivoa potrebno automatizovati u radu administratora važno uzeti u obzir i bezbednosnu procenu te proceniti sve rizike i benefite ovakvog rešavanja problema.

Jeff Rothschild, potpretcednik za tehnologiju u kompaniji Facebook izjavio je da Facebook ima oko 230 inžinjera koji podržava oko 300 miliona korisnika ove socijalne mreže iz čega se može zaključiti da svaki od zaposlenih inžinjera podržava preko milion korisnika. Ako se uzme u obzir procena da kompanija ima oko 30000 servera proizilazi da svaki inžinjer, odnosno administrator u proseku upravlja i održava sa 130 servera.

Očigledno je da ni danas ne postoji jasn odgovor na ovo pitanje ali i da postoji izražen trend prelaska na cloud okruženje koji pokreće ICT industriju u pravcu daljeg povećanja efikasnosti i autmatizacije pa se može očekivati da broj servera koji održava jedan administrator raste, te da se sa druge strane broj administratora značajno smanjuje posebno u okviru on premise okruženja. Pritisak na povećanje efikasnosti će u ovom smislu rasti u budućnosti dok se istovremeno može očekivati pad broja administratora koji su direktno zaposleni na poslovima instalacije, održavanja i upravljanja serverima, tako i navedene preporuke i najbolje prakse treba smatrati samo privremenim jer će budućnost već promeniti navedene odnose, ali navedeni podaci mogu poslužiti svim projekt menadžerima i IT menadžerima za donošenje odluka o broju zaposlenih ili neophodnog kadra da bi se neki zadaci odnosno projekti mogli sprovesti u za to predviđeno vreme uz maksimalnu efikasnost na nači da se kvalitetna i visokostručna radna snaga ne izrabljuje i ne dovodi u situaciju da, usled preopterećenja zahtevima koji dolaze od menadžementa koji ne razume njihovo poslovanje i uslove rada, napušta organizacije u kojima je zaposlena, a kojima je upravo takva radna snaga kritčni resurs neophodan za adekvatno i efikasno poslovanje.   

Elementary introduction to our brain

Brain - based morphology and biological design of cognitive logic functions

How is a brain cognitive logic engine that drives the Homo sapiens and who was responsible for all of our evolutionary and technological developments it is necessary in terms of better use of the resources at our disposal to get acquainted with the basics of its morphology to functional level, and to recognize the functionality derived from the same. This is essential to both for the development of management techniques and the development of artificial intelligence, which attempts to replicate the way our brain works.

Evolutionarily speaking, the brain has only two predefined functions:

·         Survival and functions associated with it (90% of the time we live in this mode). This mode is also called the local and linear logic, resulting in the savannas of Africa - as defined by Peter Diamandis

·         Learning and functions associated with it (only 10% of the time we live in this mental mode)

There are several theories about how Homo sapiens reached a new level of evolution that defines modern humans and they can be reduced to the following several theories based on biological changes and / or conditions of life in savannas of Africa where modern man evolved as a species:

·         Loss of functionality of the limbs (monkeys as our closest animal relatives, has four hands whereas due to changes caused by erecting (much higher load on a handful rear legs caused the development of the foot), while men have only two hands.

·         Upright usually theory based on the theory of picking fruit has led to changes in sexuality and therefore the social behavior of the group.

·         Running, as a phenomenon related to escape from predators who live in the savannah, which can not climb trees require the troubleshooting hyperventilation, and our ancestors completely lost fur or body hair disappeared.

·         Increase of sexuality - for the first time in the development of primates require the consent of the females (the phenomenon psychosexual manipulation), for the first time sexuality is based on an emotional rather than a fragrant level, and male birds do not wait for the moment of fertility of females to try to reproduce.

·         Development of fist reached its evolutionary new qualitative and quantitative level, which has caused that it became part of the body that is able to create a tool, and thus civilization.

·         Changes in eating habits, more animal food by the human stomach could not digest so the food began to be digested before it reaches the digestive tract - the emergence of cooked food, which led to a lot of phenomena that our ancestors entered much more energy in the body and therefore more energy needed to supply the brain with energy so there was a change in the way the brain works and its further development.

·         The disappearance of fragrant part of the brain that separates us as a species of animal and its replacement by emotional parts of the brain, the emergence of emotional beings.

·         Homo Sapiens got molars which extended array of foods that could be used in food

·         Long time time to achieve independence and offspring full maturity caused the social orientation of the groups, tribes, clans, and therefore the division of labor and responsibilities

·         The use of tools and the creation of new tools (irrespective of whether they were initially developed Homo Sapiens or Neanderthal from which they were stole by our kind).

·         Mixing with Neanderthals which contributed to the transmission of the disease to this group and their disappearance from the evolutionary scene, ie, the release of all natural resources by only one remaining evolutionary winner – a human.

·         • Female brains of Homo sapiens (perhaps it was the same with Homo erectus and Neanderthal) is programmed so that it deletes the men's success, and since the species is not strictly related to the process of mating as in other animals (other than chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans) has already entered and the emotional element, resulting in the need to buck again proves which is the basis for the progress of the species.

All these circumstances have led to further changes and evolution of the brain grew by filling out a frontal cavity, and then forcing its frontal part to deform and fold to a greater number of nerve cells, respectively, which increased the mass of brain cells fit in the same space . Right here lies the reason why so many distinguish not only from our ancestors (in terms of mental capacity and abilities), but also our closest relatives - if developed frontal cortex of the brain in humans and in apes man would be 4 times larger area, and precisely in that part of the brain that was last created and in which are stored all our cognitive abilities. Right here lies the answer to the question whether it is possible further evolutionary development of the brain as our most important organs. It is unlikely in the short evolutionary period, because there is not enough free space for further growth of the masses, it is likely scenario gradual evolutionary development that requires a much longer period, because the processes of evolutionary development rather slow when viewed in terms of the lifetime of a human being. The brain is like a body evolved all the time in the existence of Homo sapiens. Today's brain is at its mass and volume two times greater than that possessed by our ancestors. The brain uses about 20% of the total energy of the body and through his work developing energy substantiated that the amount of matter the size of a light bulb lit.

Neuroscience divided to the brain hemispheres with the following features:

·         The left hemisphere of the brain is responsive to speech and logic

·         The right hemisphere of the brain is responsible for the facility location, time, situational orientation and personal decisions. It should also be noted that the right hemisphere of the brain gathers information, but can not verbalize them (can not speak), this accumulated knowledge can turn into something else (these processes of knowledge acquisition in the right hemisphere are particularly important until the child is not the first time speak because the knowledge of the world that the child received in their non-verbal age remain guarded throughout life and are the basis for intellectual activity in adults)

·         Each hemisphere is responsible for motor skills diagonally positioned limbs (right hemispheres - the left arm and a leg)

For all other unconscious, especially vegetative processes that are constantly taking place in the brain is responsible hypothalamus that regulates them. He is the only fully developed part of the brain when a child is born. In it, there are reflex emotions that babies have. All others babies learn through audio-visual inspection around the world in the months after they are born. The amygdala, which will manage the by emotional part of the person develops about 11 months, and about 12 child begins to distinguish his mother from other women, it creates a special bond with his mother, and somewhere in that period recognize itself in the mirror, however, believes that time already developed self-awareness.

One of the misconceptions that the brain is not working or is working at reduced capacity when the rest has been scientifically disproved in a way that we now know that the brain is always working at 100% capacity. For that around 70% of the energy that we do not know what the brain uses often because he is now in the literature is the name of the dark energy of the brain which leads to the fact that we know about it about as little as the dark energy of the universe.

 

Memory and the consequences of memory

One of the primary mental abilities developed during evolution and led to the growth of the brain as the authority responsible for the management of other parts of the body, but also to interact with the environment, it is memory. Memory is developed slowly, evolutionarily speaking, but it was one of the main strategies of survival because the animals may have more to remember and could better create and use mind maps, and are therefore more able in nature. It is known, for example, that the fish catfish has the ability to remember only the last two seconds, however, this animal happens to repeatedly attach the hook the same in just a few minutes, because it is not able to remember and then the perceived danger. This property has been of crucial importance to all primates, and they all organisms develop through evolutionary development. On the other hand the phenomenon of uncontrolled memory large amounts of information quickly be brought to overload the nervous system and the collapse of the body, it was necessary to develop our ancestors and mental capacity to delete unnecessary information and cancellation of only those that are most essential to them in terms of evolutionary advantage. Natural concepts and strategies of survival were such that the number of synapses and neural connections, and the size of the processor as it increased the capacity of the same, which may explain the evolution of the brain and its morphological differences compared to our ancestors and animal relatives, while as this gradual process, should find a more efficient method to achieve results in terms of conservation of the species and is scratched deletion probably originated as a natural response to the need of harmonizing neurophysiological processing capacity and the capacity of our senses and transmission networks of nerve cells.

Modern Homo Sapiens memory stored in different parts of the brain possesses a neuro cortex control mechanism to access and control, and delete them. Problem neuro cortex when it comes to memory is reflected in the fact that this part of the brain is trying to the best moments in life keep forever, or so it is repeated in the form of memories, or tends to create impulses that led to repeat or creates a need / predisposed to the use of chemical supplements to restore it at a given state. On the other hand, speaking about the emotional side of the human personality is no other mechanism almost vegetative memory of emotions based on the work of the amygdala. The amygdala is the emotional well which can not be discharged, and which in some people in very old age overload leading to grumpiness and the anxiety for the same. A particular problem of memory represents the memory of emotional states (not just events), because emotions must be aversive to the remembered - when you would not be aversive would not remembered so could not cause a movement towards better - which is the main driving force development of human civilization.

Physiology and morphology of the brain

Feeding the brain consumes nearly a quarter of oxygen and glucose to 2/3, for which the evolution of nature created even 2,000 kilometers long network of blood vessels in the brain. At the same time it is important to emphasize that processes such hiopooxia and ischemia (reduced blood volume in the brain) may seriously and quickly compromise the functioning of the brain and lead to death. For 4 to 5 minutes after it left without sufficient amounts of blood and nerve cells deteriorate more in 10 minutes will be followed by death. 10-15% of people die in the world every year due to inadequate supply of blood to the brain that occurs due to atrophy and deterioration of blood vessels due to age ie, cracking capillaries and brain haemorrhage.

It is important to note that in the development of brain and nerve pathways neurons adhere to a clear development schemes to find that the first connecting vertically and then horizontally. Nerve cells migrate guided by chemical signals from our DNA until they arrive at a precise location in the body where they will settle permanently. Thus formed the nervous system extends from the brain and spinal cord to all the nerve endings, or sensory cells. During the evolution of the nerve cell synapses model developed to ensure connectivity of nerve cells.

Data transmitted on the outer world of the senses to the brain through the electrochemical reaction, ie, by bioelectrical currents and chemical reactions that occur at synapses where pulses are transmitted to the biochemical control of packets of information that are transferred (only the appropriate molecules that correspond to the key chemical standpoint can continue way through the membranes of nerve cells). In order to ensure that it reaches the junction of nerve cells, which could result from uncontrolled nerve electrochemical reaction in the brain (what normally happens during an epileptic seizure) nerve cells are wrapped Swann cells that serve as insulators and prevent short contacts between nerve cells , both of which stimulates white brain mass.

It is important to note that the opinion of the chemical process by its nature, and that the brain during thinking process uses different parts of the brain, and that it is therefore necessary to divert blood in those brain regions, respectively, to the blood stream of opinion is being redirected to regions that are accountable for the creation of intentions and decision-making in the brain. Repeating some turns of thought leads to frequent redirection of blood in the respective regions, and better blood circulation in the given region, and to the creation of "hardware base" for easier use given parts of the brain. This may be explained by a learning process, whether it is a motor or consciously learning. The same process is repeated when it comes to habits. On the morphological level of observing things habits that we are nothing more than establishing paths (routes of chemical and bioelectrical reactions and electric sparks) in our nervous system. Repeating some decisions strengthens the structure of the hardware path (build reliable neuro chemist infrastructure). Habits create a permanent path in our brain and we can be relieved only by creating other alternative path (here encourages and neuro-psychological opinion that for any habit we want to change we need to create a suitable replacement).

The basics of hypnosis theory of mind

The basics of hypnosis based on a theory of mind that psychologists explained as follows. Everything that happens to us (and there is), we observe the basic processes that take place in waving mind. The basic processes are the process of identification and associations that bind to the previous experience, ie, mind folder where it comes from a reaction to events in the environment. A person reacts when you connect femomen who has identified with the one in the mind map. At lower levels of the evolutionary development of human beings have developed primitive mind that controls the basic reactions stimuli from the external environment and makes the decision "fight" or "flee" (these are the basic decisions related to biological survival strategies). Since children are born without a fully formed brain development of critical thinking process is rounded up around 9 years old. Thus formed the mind made up 88% of the unconscious, and only 12% of conscious mental processes, what is the opinion that all mechanisms such as logic, common sense and rational thinking and decision-making processes. Since the mind is most often defined as software that is installed on the hardware called brain to him in addition to psychological connections that are created in the mind affect the biochemical processes that occur in the brain. As previously explained that the mind could not work interactively is necessary that the amount of information that the brain processes reduced to an acceptable level, ie. the one that is it possible that the nerve cells of the brain processing in real time. For this it is necessary that the filters exist and the messages that are sent to the brain for processing to be structured, depending on the information that should be processed. So we can say that packages the message depends on the environment, the body, the conscious and subconscious thought processes of mental process. Only packages processed (classified) according to these criteria, the brain can process. As the number of information that we want to transmit and process the brain is growing so we come to the turning point when the brain is no longer able to receive and process new information, and mental filters that are in place to reduce the number of information which a critical part of the mind processes the fall (they become inactive), which results in that new information due to the brain due to the processing without passing through the filters, and the person becomes susceptible to suggestion as a basis for the application of hypnosis, which basically is nothing more than unimpeded access (/ direct access to) certain parts of the brain, ie, the mind.

Each person is able to recognize themselves in a mirror, but in this image also has an internal image of themselves that is skewed so that each person is different sensory and motor pegman, which is of vital importance for the orientation and functioning of people, especially in terms of motor functions of the organism and the ability of orientation in space.

The human experience of reality would soon be described as follows: when an external event occurs, we first create an internal (or private or personal) the performance of the event (or abbreviated: I/P). The I/P is then combined with our physiology and to finally create something we call the state. When we say "state" we mean the emotional state of the individual.  And so, when you consider that the life of man is nothing else than a big variety of different conditions in which enters, then the value of understanding the components that influence the creation of these conditions becomes more than obvious. The situation in which you are currently located is a combination of your internal pictures, sounds, feelings and inner dialogue. Also any other state in which you can find also the result of these factors.

Deleting the ability of the mind to create a mental picture of focusing on a relatively small number of key details while excluding all non-essential elements of reality. It is estimated that in one second our nerves to the brain transmit impulses around 4,000,000,000, while our consciousness is only processed around 2,000 pulses transmitted. When there would be no deletion of awareness would have to deal with the information overload that it has no the capacity (we remind you that so far the most accurate estimates say that the human brain can handle 7 bit per second) with a delay, which would be increased over time so our consciousness is no longer dealt a reality than the past, which would lead to the fact that such a body to the Darwinian laws of nature could not exist - or would have to disappear and be replaced by more successful species that are better adapted to reality. Neuroplasticity of the brain is enabled:

·         chemical changes

·          Structural changes

·         Functional changes

It should be noted that the latest research shows that short-term memory based on current chemical changes in the brain, while the long-term memory certain structural changes in the brain that are manifested in the establishment of new connections between the regions and of certain parts of the brain. The question is what are the limits of neuroplasticity? For now there is no answer to this question. What we know today is that the brain is capable of neuroplasticity, or the transformation in the physiology and structure throughout a person's life. Neuroscientists have found that the brain determines everything you do and everything you are not working, and the best way to neuroplasticity behavior (behavioral changes cause changes in the brain). Also for neuroplasticity is also significant exercise (which is the second most influential factor in neuroplasticity).